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Geology of Quartz
Quartz (SiO2) is the second most abundant mineral in the planet’s continental crust, after feldspar. [2] Its crystal structure is a continuous framework of SiO4 (silicon-oxygen tetrahedra), with each oxygen shared between two tetrahedra, resulting in the overall chemical formula SiO2. Quartz exists in various forms, with the colorless, transparent variety known as rock crystal. [1] Some are used as semi-precious gemstones, and quartz has been extensively utilized for jewelry and hardstone carving, particularly in Europe and the Middle East, since ancient times. [1] Pure quartz transmits ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light, exhibiting optical activity, piezoelectricity, and electrostriction. Quartz crystals are found intact in rock cavities, while massive quartz occurs in hydrothermal veins, and granular quartz is a substantial component of various rocks, including granite, gneiss, and sandstone. [1] Quartz crystals can also be grown artificially.
While many varietal names were historically derived from the minerals’ color, current scientific nomenclature primarily refers to the mineral’s microstructure. [1] Color is a secondary identifier for cryptocrystalline minerals, although it is the primary identifier for macrocrystalline varieties. [1]
Pure quartz, traditionally known as rock crystal or clear quartz, is colorless and transparent, often used for hardstone carving, such as the Lothair crystal. [1] Quartz with impurities exhibits varied colors. Colorless, transparent crystals are known as rock crystal, milky white ones are known as milky quartz, and pale pink ones are called rose quartz. Amethyst is purple, citrine is yellow to brown, and black quartz is known as morion. [1]
A critical distinction among quartz types is the presence of coarse crystals (individual crystals visible to the naked eye) and microcrystalline or cryptocrystalline (crystalline aggregates only visible under high magnification) varieties. [1] Cryptocrystalline types are translucent or mostly opaque, while transparent varieties tend to be coarse-grained. Chalcedony is a microcrystalline form of silica, composed of a fine-grained intergrowth of quartz and its monoclinic polymorph moganite. [3] Other opaque gemstone varieties of quartz or quartz-containing composite rocks, often containing contrasting bands or color patterns, include agate, carnelian, onyx, heliotrope, and jasper. [1]
Amethyst is a common quartz variety with colors ranging from light to deep purple or dull violet. [1] Major sources include Brazil, Mexico, Uruguay, Russia, France, Namibia, and Morocco. [1] Occasionally, amethyst and citrine are found growing together in a single crystal, known as ametrine, with amethyst typically forming in areas with higher iron content. [1]
Citrine, due to iron impurities, exhibits colors ranging from pale yellow to brown. [1] Natural citrine is extremely rare, with most on the market being heat-treated amethyst or smoky quartz. [4]
Rose quartz displays a range of colors from pale pink to rose red, caused primarily by the substitution of aluminum and phosphorus for silicon. [5]
水晶是什麼？
水晶是什麼？水晶是地球上最常見的礦物之一，由二氧化矽（SiO2）組成。它是一種透明或半透明的物質，通常呈六方柱狀。水晶因其獨特的結構和性質而被廣泛使用，從珠寶到電子設備。
水晶的類型
水晶有各種不同的類型，包括：
| 類型 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| 石英 | 最常見的水晶類型，透明且無色 |
| 紫水晶 | 帶有紫色色調的石英 |
| 粉水晶 | 帶有粉紅色色調的石英 |
| 黃水晶 | 帶有黃色色調的石英 |
| 綠水晶 | 帶有綠色色調的石英 |
| 黑水晶 | 黑色或深棕色的石英 |
水晶的性質
水晶具有以下性質：
- 硬度：水晶是地球上最硬的物質之一，莫氏硬度為 7。
- 透明度：水晶通常是透明的，允許光線穿過。
- 壓電性：水晶當受到壓力時會產生電荷。
- 熱電性：水晶當受到温度變化時會產生電荷。
- 雙折射：水晶會將光線分成兩束，從而產生折射。
水晶的用途
水晶因其獨特的性質而被廣泛使用，包括：
- 珠寶：水晶常用於製作珠寶，例如項鍊、手鍊和耳環。
- 電子設備：水晶用於電子設備，例如手錶、手機和計算機。
- 光學設備：水晶用於光學設備，例如透鏡、稜鏡和光纖。
- 精神治療：水晶被一些人用於精神治療，據稱具有治癒和能量化的作用。
水晶的形成
水晶在巖漿冷卻或地下水溶液沉積時形成。形成水晶的特定條件包括温度、壓力、礦物質濃度和時間。通常需要數百萬年才能形成水晶。
結論
水晶是一種美麗而用途廣泛的礦物，具有獨特的結構和性質。它被用於各種應用，從珠寶到電子設備。瞭解水晶的特性和用途可以幫助我們欣賞這種美麗且寶貴的天然資源。
延伸閲讀…
什麼是水晶？
水晶，只看這一篇就足夠了 – 荷我一起看世界- 痞客邦